Paper contribution

Evert Hoek’s legacy in Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering

Proceedings
EUROCK 2026
Pages
1547-1561
Submitted
4 June 2026
Accepted
15 June 2026
Published
12 August 2026

Summary

Abstract

Dr. Hoek's contributions to the rock mechanics and rock engineering had made him one of the most established engineers in these fields. He graduated in mechanical engineering from the University of Cape Town with a B.Sc. in 1955 and an M.Sc. in 1957. In 1958 he moved to Pretoria, where he worked as a research engineer for the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). In 1966, he moved to London, where he was appointed originally as a reader and later on as a full professor of the Imperial College. During his stay in London, he published two classic books in rock engineering, one on „Rock Slope Engineering“ with John Bray, and a second on „Underground excavations in rock“ with his successor on Imperial Ted Brown. In 1975 Dr. Hoek left UK, and joined the industry with Golder Associates in Vancouver, Canada. In 1987 he joined University of Toronto as an industrial research professor when he was with P.K. Kaiser and W.F. Bawden published book „Support of Underground Excavations in Hard Rock“. In 1993 Dr. Hoek returned to Vancouver and started his own consulting business. He is probably best known for his role in the development of the Hoek-Brown failure criterion. He retired in 2018. Dr. Hoek passed away on July 6, 2024, after a short illness at his home in Vancouver.

Contributors

Authors

  1. Ivan Vrkljan Professor Emeritus at the University of Rijeka, Croatia ORCID 0000-0002-4309-5383

Index terms

Keywords

Full text

Attachments

Works cited

References

  1. Balmer, G. (1952): A general analytical solution for Mohr's envelope. Am. Soc. Test. Mat. 52, 1260-1271.
  2. Brace, W.F. (1964): Brittle fracture of rocks. In: Judd WR (ed), State of stress in the Earth’s crust. Elsevier, New York, 111-174.
  3. Brown, E.T. (1970): Strength of models of rock with intermittent joints. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division. 1970, 96(SM6), 1935-1949.
  4. Brown, E.T. (2008): Estimating the mechanical properties of rock masses. In: Potvin, Y., Carter, J., Dyskin, A. and Jeffrey, R. (eds). Proceedings of the 1st Southern Hemisphere International Rock Mechanics Symposium, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 3–22.
  5. Fairhurst, C. (2025): Evert Hoek, his Legacy and Rock Mechanics/Engineering in the 21th Century. In: 59th US Rock Mechanics / Geomechanics Symposium (ARMA Rocks 2025) Santa Fe, New Mexico.
  6. Fairhurst, C. and Brown, E.T. (2024): ISRM Tribute to Dr. Evert Hoek. ISRM News Journal, Vol. 27., 28-32.
  7. Franklin, J.A. and Hoek, E. (1970): Developments in triaxial testing equipment. Rock Mech. 2, 223-228.
  8. Geostrata interview. (2018): Lessons Learned from GeoLegends Evert Hoek, by Shane Markus, Alex Grant, PhD, and William Pollock. 34-41. https://www.cgs.ca/pdf/Evert_Hoek-GeoStrata_May_Jun_2018.pdf
  9. Griffith A.A. (1921): The phenomena of rupture and flow in solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series A), 221(2), 163-198.
  10. Griffith, A.A. (1924): Theory of rupture. Proc. First Int. Cong. Applied Mech (eds. Bienzo and Burgers). Delft: Technische Boekhandel and Drukkerij, 55-63.
  11. Hoek E., Kaiser P.K. and Bawden, W.F. (1995): Support of underground excavations in hard rock. Rotterdam, Balkema, 215 p.
  12. Hoek E., Wood D. and Shah S. (1992): A modified Hoek-Brown criterion for jointed rock masses. Proc. Rock Characterization, Symp. Int. Soc. Rock Mech.: Eurock ‘92, (Edited by Hudson J.A.), London, Brit. Geotech. Soc, 209-214.
  13. Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C. and Corkum, B. (2002): Hoek-Brown failure criterion – 2002 Edition. Proc. NARMS-TAC Conference, Toronto, 1, 267-273.
  14. Hoek, E. (1965): Rock fracture under static stress conditions. National Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa, Report MEG, 385 p.
  15. Hoek, E. (1965a): Rock fracture under static stress conditions. Thesis, The Faculty of Engineering of the University of Cape Town.
  16. Hoek, E. (1983): Strength of jointed rock masses. 23rd Rankine Lecture. Géotechnique 33(3), 187-223.
  17. Hoek, E. (1994): Strength of rock and rock masses, ISRM News Journal, 2(2), 4-16.
  18. Hoek, E. (1994a): The challenge of input data for rock engineering. Letter to the editor, ISRM News Journal Vol. 2, N. 2. Int. Soc. Rock Mechanics.
  19. Hoek, E. (2021): Developments in Rock Engineering from 1958 to 2020. Rocscience international conference-2021, Video zapis predavanja: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dy83dYaXHVY&t=5s
  20. Hoek, E. (2021a): Rocscience international conference 2021. LIFETIME ACHIEVEMENT SESSION Q&A Dr. Evert Hoek: Developments in Rock Engineering from 1958 to 2020. https://static.rocscience.cloud/assets/resources/learning/hoek/RIC2021-QAwithDrHoek_V2.pdf
  21. Hoek, E. (2023): Practical Rock Engineering. e-knjiga. https://static.rocscience.cloud/assets/resources/learning/hoek/Practical-Rock.
  22. Hoek, E. and Bray J. (1974): Rock slope engineering. Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 372 p.
  23. Hoek, E. and Brown E.T. (1980): Underground excavations in rock. Institution of mining and metallurgy, London, 527 p.
  24. Hoek, E. and Brown E.T. (1980a): Empirical strength criterion for rock masses. J. Geotech. Engng Div., ASCE 106(GT9), 1013-1035.
  25. Hoek, E. and Brown, E.T. (2019): The Hoek-Brown Failure Criterion and GSI—2018 Edition. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 11, 445-463.
  26. Hoek, E. and Diederichs, M.S. (2006): Empirical estimation of rock mass modulus. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43(2), 203-215.
  27. Hoek, E. and Marinos, P.G. (2009): Tunnelling in overstressed rock. Keynote address presented at EUROCK2009, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 29-31 October 2009. Published in Rock Engineering in Difficult Ground Conditions - Soft Rocks and Karst. Vrkljan, I. (ed). London: Taylor and Francis Group, 49-60.
  28. Hoek, E., Marinos, P. and Marinos, V. (2005): Characterization and engineering properties of tectonically undisturbed but lithologically varied sedimentary rock masses, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 42(2), 277-285.
  29. Hoek, E., and Franklin J.A. (1968): Simple Triaxial Cell for Field or Laboratory Testing of Rock. Trans. Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, A22-26.
  30. ISRM. (1975): Terminology (English, French, German). International Society for Rock Mechanics, Commission on terminology, symbols and graphic representation, XX p.
  31. ISRM. (2012): ISRM 50th Anniversary Commemorative Book, 1962-2012. Hudson and Lamas eds. 191 p.
  32. Marinos, P., Hoek, E. and Marinos, V. (2006): Variability of the engineering properties of rock masses quantified by the geological strength index: the case of ophiolites with special emphasis on tunnelling. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env., 65(2), 129-142.
  33. Murrell, S.A.F. (1958): The strength of coal under triaxial compression. In: Walton WH, editor. Mechanical properties of non-metallic brittle materials. London: Butterworths Scientific Publications, 123-145.
  34. Ramsey, J.M. and Chester, F.M. (2004): Hybrid fracture and the transition from extension fracture to shear fracture. Nature 428, 63-66.
  35. Rocscience. (2022): Africa Geotechnical Legends: Dr. Evert Hoek Designs and Disasters in Rock Engineering, Q&A. https://static.rocscience.cloud/assets/resources/learning/hoek/Africa-Geotechnical-Legends-Questions-for-Evert_v4_2022-04-29-201059_fmvn.pdf